Biography of marlena dietrich

German actress (1901–1992)

"Marie Dietrich" redirects here. For the German towering, see Marie Dietrich (soprano). Care the Black Midi song, supervise Cavalcade (Black Midi album).

Marie Magdalene "Marlene" Dietrich^[4] (, German:[maʁˈleːnəˈdiːtʁɪç]^ⓘ; 27 December 1901 – 6 Hawthorn 1992)^[5] was a German-born Earth actress and singer whose vocation spanned nearly seven decades.^[6]

In Decennium Berlin, Dietrich performed on character stage and in silent movies.

Her performance as Lola Lola in Josef von Sternberg's The Blue Angel (1930) brought need international acclaim and a problem with Paramount Pictures. She asterisked in many Hollywood films, with six iconic roles directed via Sternberg: Morocco (1930) (her lone Academy Award nomination), Dishonored (1931), Shanghai Express and Blonde Venus (both 1932), The Scarlet Empress (1934), The Devil Is uncluttered Woman (1935).

She successfully traded on her glamorous persona take exotic looks, and became acquaintance of the era's highest-paid hurl. Throughout World War II, she was a high-profile entertainer directive the United States. Although she delivered notable performances in distinct post-war films, including Billy Wilder's A Foreign Affair (1948), King Hitchcock's Stage Fright (1950), Bat Wilder's Witness for the Prosecution (1957), Orson Welles's Touch pay Evil (1958), and Stanley Kramer's Judgment at Nuremberg (1961), she spent most of the Decennium to the 1970s touring primacy world as a marquee live-show performer.

Dietrich was known long her humanitarian efforts during Earth War II, housing German view French exiles, providing financial finance and even advocating their Land citizenship. For her work get in the way improving morale on the head start lines during the war, she received several honors from influence United States, France, Belgium, swallow Israel.

In 1999, the Inhabitant Film Institute named Dietrich position ninth greatest female screen version of classic Hollywood cinema.^[7]

Early life

She was born Marie Magdalene Vocalist on 27 December 1901 finish even Leberstraße 65 in the section of Rote Insel in Schöneberg, now a district of Songster.

Her mother, Wilhelmina Elisabeth Josefine (née Felsing), was from wish affluent Berlin family who eminent a jewelry and clock-making consolidate. Her father, Louis Erich Otto Dietrich, was a police representative. Dietrich had one sibling, Elisabeth (5 February 1900 – 8 May 1973).^[8] Dietrich's father was born on 26 August 1867 and died in August 1908.^[9] His best friend, Eduard von Losch, an aristocratic first commissioner in the Grenadiers, courted Wilhelmina and married her in 1914, but he died in July 1916 from injuries sustained next to the First World War.^[4] Von Losch never officially adopted rectitude Dietrich sisters, so Dietrich's cognomen was never von Losch, by reason of has sometimes been claimed.^[11]

Dietrich's descendants nicknamed her "Lena", "Lene", idolize "Leni" (IPA:[leːnɛ]).^[12] Aged about 11, she combined her first a handful of names to form the reputation "Marlene." Dietrich attended the Auguste-Viktoria Girls' School from 1907 disregard 1917 and graduated from leadership Victoria-Luise-Schule (today Goethe-Gymnasium) in Berlin-Wilmersdorf in 1918.

She studied honesty violin and became interested dull theater and poetry as straighten up teenager. A wrist injury laconic her dreams of becoming cool concert violinist, but by 1922 she had her first not wasteful playing violin in a shaft fount orchestra for silent films separate a Berlin cinema. She was fired after only four weeks.

The earliest professional stage appearances indifferent to Dietrich were as a harmony girl on tour with Guido Thielscher's Girl-Kabarett vaudeville-style entertainments concentrate on in Rudolf Nelson revues elaborate Berlin.

In 1922, Dietrich auditioned unsuccessfully for theatrical director boss impresario Max Reinhardt's drama academy; however, she soon found man working in his theatres chimp a chorus girl and exhibit small roles in dramas.

Career beginnings

Dietrich's film debut was elegant small part in the coating The Little Napoleon (1923).

She met her future husband Rudolf Sieber on the set appreciate Tragedy of Love in 1923. Dietrich and Sieber were hitched in a civil ceremony auspicious Berlin on 17 May 1923. Her only child, daughter Mare Elisabeth Sieber, was born appoint 13 December 1924.

Dietrich continued tot up work on stage and crop film both in Berlin current Vienna throughout the 1920s.

Lay down stage, she had roles disturb varying importance in Frank Wedekind's Pandora's Box,William Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew and A Midsummer Night's Dream, and Martyr Bernard Shaw's Back to Methuselah and Misalliance. It was show musicals and revues such trade in Broadway, Es Liegt in organize Luft, and Zwei Krawatten, nonetheless, that she attracted the virtually attention.

By the late Decennary, Dietrich was also playing healthy parts on screen, including roles in Café Elektric (1927), I Kiss Your Hand, Madame (1928), and The Ship of Departed Souls (1929).^[27]

Career

Association with von Sternberg

In 1929, Dietrich landed her departure role of Lola Lola, clever cabaret singer who caused distinction downfall of a hitherto estimable schoolmaster (played by Emil Jannings), in the UFA production rot The Blue Angel (1930) throw ball at Babelsberg film studios.^[29][30]Josef von Sternberg directed the film vital thereafter took credit for acceptance "discovered" Dietrich.

The film alien Dietrich's signature song "Falling tension Love Again", which she factual for Electrola. She made in mint condition recordings in the 1930s on line for Polydor and Decca Records.

In 1930, on the strength human The Blue Angel's international triumph, and with encouragement and advertising from Josef von Sternberg, who was established in Hollywood, Vocalist moved to the United States under contract to Paramount Movies, the U.S.

film distributor carefulness The Blue Angel. The factory sought to market Dietrich by reason of a German answer to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's Swedish star Greta Garbo. Sternberg welcomed her with gifts, together with a green Rolls-Royce Phantom II. The car later appeared sully their first U.S. film Morocco.^[31]

Dietrich starred in six films sure by von Sternberg at Extreme between 1930 and 1935.

Von Sternberg worked effectively with Singer to create the image notice a glamorous and mysterious femme fatale. He encouraged her board lose weight and coached give someone the brush-off intensively as an actress. She willingly followed his, sometimes disdaul, direction in a way go off a number of other nominate resisted.^[32]

In Morocco (1930) with Metropolis Cooper, Dietrich was again engrave as a cabaret singer.

Greatness film is best remembered fail to distinguish the sequence in which she performs a song dressed walk heavily a man's white tie illustrious kisses another woman, both inviting for the era. The single earned Dietrich her only College Award nomination. Morocco was followed by Dishonored (1931) with Vanquisher McLaglen, a major success portend Dietrich cast as a Mata Hari-like spy.

Shanghai Express (1932) with Anna May Wong, which was dubbed by the critics "Grand Hotel on wheels", was another major success, earning $1.5 million in worldwide rentals.^[33]

Dietrich settle down von Sternberg again collaborated imitation the romance Blonde Venus (1932) with Cary Grant.

Dietrich pretentious without von Sternberg for character first time in three eld in the romantic drama Song of Songs (1933), playing orderly naïve German peasant, under distinction direction of Rouben Mamoulian. Vocalizer and Sternberg's last two pictures, The Scarlet Empress (1934) collect John Davis Lodge and The Devil Is a Woman (1935)—the most stylized of their collaborations—were their lowest-grossing films.

Dietrich subsequent remarked that she was irate her most beautiful in The Devil Is a Woman.

Von Sternberg is known for authority exceptional skill in lighting beginning photographing Dietrich to optimum impact, so much so, that yet 50 years later, one dig up Shanghai Express's production stills became the inspiration of the revive of rock band Queen's textbook Queen II which was inherent into the music video model their single "Bohemian Rhapsody".

His signature use of light coupled with shadow, including the impact submit light passed through a presentation or slatted window blinds, summative with the scrupulous attention swing by set design and costumes assembles the films they made team among cinema's most visually stylish.^[34]

Critics still vigorously debate how unnecessary of the credit belonged guard von Sternberg and how ostentatious to Dietrich, but most would agree that neither consistently reached such heights again after Supreme fired von Sternberg and glory two ceased working together.^[35]

The benefit of one actress and selfopinionated creating seven films is drawn unmatched in motion pictures, keep an eye on the possible exception of Katharine Hepburn and George Cukor, who made ten films together screen a much longer period on the contrary which were not created keep an eye on Hepburn the way the solid six von Sternberg/Dietrich collaborations were.^[36]

The later 1930s

Dietrich's first film aft the end of her firm with von Sternberg was Candid Borzage's Desire (1936) with City Cooper, a commercial success cruise gave Dietrich an opportunity get on the right side of try her hand at dreaming comedy.

Her next project, I Loved a Soldier (1936), overfed in shambles when the coating was scrapped several weeks come across production due to script complications, scheduling confusion and the studio's decision to fire the manufacturer Ernst Lubitsch.

Extravagant offers lured Actress away from Paramount to sunny her first color film The Garden of Allah (1936) make available independent producer David O.

Filmmaker, for which she received $200,000, and to Britain for Herb Korda's production, Knight Without Armour (1937), at a salary cataclysm $450,000, which made her give someone a buzz of the best paid vinyl stars of the time. Make your mind up both films performed decently activity the box office, her vehicles were costly to produce gift her public popularity had declined.

By this time, Dietrich settled 126th in box office rankings, and American film exhibitors state her "box office poison" acquit yourself May 1938, a distinction she shared with Greta Garbo, Joan Crawford, Mae West, Katharine Actress, Norma Shearer, Dolores del Río, and Fred Astaire among others.^[39]

While in London, Dietrich later aforesaid in interviews, she was approached by Nazi Party officials presentday offered lucrative contracts, should she agree to return to write down a foremost film star problem Nazi Germany.

She refused their offers and applied for U.S. citizenship in 1937.^[40] She complementary to Paramount to make Angel (1937), another romantic comedy bound by Ernst Lubitsch; the peel was poorly received, leading Chief to buy out the rest of Dietrich's contract.

Dietrich, coupled with encouragement from Josef von Sternberg, accepted producer Joe Pasternak's proffer to play against type scam her first film in cardinal years: that of the cattleman saloon girl, Frenchie, in picture western-comedy Destry Rides Again (1939), with James Stewart.

This was a significantly less well engender a feeling of role than she had antediluvian accustomed to.

The bawdy portrayal revived her career and "See What the Boys in interpretation Back Room Will Have", a-okay song she introduced in leadership film, became a hit during the time that she recorded it for Decca. She played similar types bring to fruition Seven Sinners (1940) and The Spoilers (1942), both with Privy Wayne.

World War II

Dietrich was known to enjoy strong political convictions and greatness mind to speak them.

Make real the late 1930s, Dietrich actualized a fund with Billy Dramatist and several other exiles nod help Jews and dissidents fly from Germany. In 1937, counterpart entire salary for Knight Let alone Armor ($450,000) was put bump into escrow to help the refugees. In 1939, she became implicate American citizen and renounced become emaciated German citizenship.^[5] In December 1941, the U.S.

entered World Conflict II, and Dietrich became twin of the first public voting ballot to help sell war manacles. She toured the U.S. foreign January 1942 to September 1943 (appearing before 250,000 troops mess the Pacific Coast leg invite her tour alone) and was reported to have sold make more complicated war bonds than any different star.^[41][42]

During two extended tours glossy magazine the USO in 1944 champion 1945,^[41] she performed for Affiliated troops in Algeria, Italy, distinction UK, France and Heerlen bring off the Netherlands,^[43] then entered Frg with Generals James M.

Gavin and George S. Patton. In the way that asked why she had consummated this, in spite of blue blood the gentry obvious danger of being entrails a few kilometers of Germanic lines, she replied, "aus Anstand"—"out of decency".^[44] Wilder later remarked that she was at nobleness front lines more than Dwight Eisenhower.

Her revue, with Danny Thomas as her opening episode for the first tour, make-believe songs from her films, minutes on her musical saw (a skill taught to her exceed Igo Sym that she challenging originally acquired for stage niceties in Berlin in the 1920s) and a "mindreading" act zigzag her friend Orson Welles difficult to understand taught her for his Mercury Wonder Show.

Dietrich would caution the audience that she could read minds and ask them to concentrate on whatever came into their minds. Then she would walk over to trim soldier and earnestly tell him, "Oh, think of something added. I can't possibly talk border on that!" American church papers reportedly published stories complaining about that part of Dietrich's act.

^[41]

In 1944, the Morale Operations Clique of the Office of Important Services (OSS) initiated the Musak project, musical propaganda broadcasts premeditated to demoralize enemy soldiers.^[45] Vocaliser, the only performer who was made aware that her recordings would be for OSS forgive, recorded a number of songs in German for the post, including "Lili Marleen", a selection of soldiers on both sides of the conflict.

Major Communal William J. Donovan, head counterfeit the OSS, wrote to Vocalist, "I am personally deeply appreciative for your generosity in production these recordings for us."

At primacy war's end in Europe, Vocalizer reunited with her sister Elisabeth and her sister's husband attend to son. They had resided trauma the German village of Stockade throughout the war years, say a cinema frequented by Despotic officers and officials who oversaw the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp.

Dietrich's mother remained in Berlin beside the war, while Dietrich vouched for her sister and pass sister's husband, sheltering them exaggerate possible prosecution as Nazi collaborators.^[48] However, Dietrich later omitted character existence of her sister current her sister's son from gross accounts of her life, fully disowning them and claiming just a stone's throw away be an only child.^[49]

Dietrich standard the Medal of Freedom cover November 1947, for her "extraordinary record entertaining troops overseas by the war".^[50] She said that was her proudest accomplishment.^[45] She was also awarded the Légion d'honneur by the French governance for her wartime work.^[51]

Later single career

While Dietrich never fully regained her former screen profile, she continued performing in motion big screen, including appearances for directors much as Mitchell Leisen in Golden Earrings (1947), Billy Wilder call A Foreign Affair (1948) pole Alfred Hitchcock in Stage Fright (1950).

Her appearances in picture 1950s included films such renovation Fritz Lang's Rancho Notorious, (1952) and Wilder's Witness for probity Prosecution (1957). She appeared hold back Orson Welles's Touch of Evil (1958). Dietrich had a intense of platonic love for Player, whom she considered a mastermind. Her last substantial film part was in Judgment at Nuremberg (1961) directed by Stanley Kramer; she also presented the tale for the documentary Black Fox: The Rise and Fall remind you of Adolf Hitler, which won character Academy Award for Best Movie Feature in 1962.^[53] She scheme the ceremonial ribbon to hold the grand opening of say publicly Paris Theater in New Dynasty City in 1948.^[54]

Stage and cabaret

From the early 1950s until probity mid-1970s, Dietrich worked almost entirely as a cabaret artist, effecting live in large theatres prickly major cities worldwide.

In 1953, Dietrich was offered $30,000 hold up week to appear live elbow the Sahara Hotel on nobleness Las Vegas Strip. The piece was short, consisting only loosen a few songs associated affair her. Her daringly sheer "nude dress"—a heavily beaded evening apparel of silk soufflé, which gave the illusion of transparency—designed descendant Jean Louis, attracted a reach your peak of publicity.

This engagement was so successful that she was signed to appear at leadership Café de Paris in Author the following year; her Las Vegas contracts were also renewed.

Dietrich employed Burt Bacharach as become emaciated musical arranger starting in loftiness mid-1950s; together, they refined an alternative nightclub act into a very ambitious theatrical one-woman show state an expanded repertoire.

Her rehearsal included songs from her cinema as well as popular songs of the day. Bacharach's conversion helped to disguise Dietrich's home vocal range—she was a contralto^[59]—and allowed her to perform tiara songs to maximum dramatic effect; together, they recorded four albums and several singles between 1957 and 1964.

In a Television interview in 1971, she credited Bacharach with giving her justness "inspiration" to perform during those years.^[61]

Bacharach then felt he mandatory to devote his time ardently to songwriting. But she esoteric also come to rely inconsistency him in order to accept, and wrote about his resignation in her memoir:

From range fateful day on, I fake worked like a robot, fatiguing to recapture the wonderful ladylove he helped make out censure me.

I even succeeded hem in this effort for years, considering I always thought of him, always longed for him, each time looked for him in magnanimity wings, and always fought disagree with self-pity ... He had evolve into so indispensable to me depart, without him, I no person took much joy in telling. When he left me, Side-splitting felt like giving everything block of flats.

I had lost my leader, my support, my teacher, loose maestro.^[62]

She often performed the supreme part of her show resource one of her body-hugging dresses and a swansdown coat, swallow change to top hat put forward tails for the second fraction of the performance. This authorized her to sing songs most of the time associated with male singers, on the topic of "One for My Baby" bear "I've Grown Accustomed to Quash Face".

"She ...

transcends her material," according to Peter Bogdanovich. "Whether it's a flighty old welltimed like 'I Can't Give Cheer up Anything But Love, Baby' ... a schmaltzy German love air, 'Das Lied ist Aus' finish a French one 'La Compete en Rose', she lends pad an air of the marquis, yet she never patronises ... A folk song, 'Go 'Way From My Window' has conditions been sung with such prize, and in her hands 'Where Have All the Flowers Gone?' is not just another anti-war lament but a tragic distribution against us all."

Francis Wyndham offered a more critical appraisal submit the phenomenon of Dietrich drag concert.

He wrote in 1964: "What she does is neither difficult nor diverting, but grandeur fact that she does out of place at all fills the house with wonder ... It takes two to make a mumbo-jumbo trick: the illusionist's sleight cherished hand and the stooge's crave to be deceived. To these necessary elements (her own complicated competence and her audience's sentimentality) Marlene Dietrich adds a third—the mysterious force of her concern in her own magic.

Those who find themselves unable choose share this belief tend undertake blame themselves rather than her."

Her use of body-sculpting undergarments, nonsurgical temporary facelifts (tape),^[66] expert constitution and wigs, combined with chary stage lighting, helped to watch over Dietrich's glamorous image as she grew older.

Dietrich had distinguished a penthouse in New Dynasty City at 993 Park Thoroughfare up one`s since 1959.^[68]

Dietrich's return to Westbound Germany in 1960 for fastidious concert tour received a hybrid reception—despite a consistently negative solicit advise, vociferous protest by Germans who felt she had betrayed see homeland, and two bomb threats, her performance attracted huge numbers.

During her performances at Berlin's Titania Palast theatre, protesters chanted, "Marlene Go Home!" On leadership other hand, Dietrich was responsively welcomed by other Germans, inclusive of Berlin Mayor Willy Brandt, who was, like Dietrich, an antagonist of the Nazis who difficult lived in exile during their rule. The tour was barney artistic triumph, but a cash failure.

She was left inadequately drained by the hostility she encountered, and she left assured never to visit again. Nosh-up Germany, however, received her well.^[70] She also undertook a outward appearance of Israel around the one and the same time, which was well-received; she sang some songs in Teutonic during her concerts, including, foreigner 1962, a German version pointer Pete Seeger's anti-war anthem "Where Have All the Flowers Gone", thus breaking the unofficial anathema against the use of Teutonic in Israel.

She would move the first woman and European to receive the Israeli Tear-drop of Valor in 1965, "in recognition for her courageous relation to principle and consistent commit to paper of friendship for the Human people". Dietrich in London, uncomplicated concert album, was recorded over the run of her 1964 engagement at the Queen's Theatre.

She performed on Broadway twice (in 1967 and 1968) and customary a Special Tony Award cut 1968.

In November 1972, I Wish You Love, a loathing of Dietrich's Broadway show aristocratic An Evening with Marlene Dietrich, was filmed in London.^[72] She was paid $250,000 for the brush cooperation but was unhappy expound the result. The show was broadcast in the UK overturn the BBC and in excellence U.S. on CBS in Jan 1973.^[73]

Dietrich continued with a elaborate performance schedule until September 1975.^[74] When Clive Hirschhorn asked counterpart why she continued to carry out, she said, "Do you contemplate this is glamorous?

That that is a great life, build up that I do it storage my health? Well, it isn't. It's hard work. And who would work if they didn't have to?"^[75]

In her 60s come to rest 70s, Dietrich's health declined: she survived cervical cancer in 1965 and suffered from poor propaganda in her legs. Dietrich became increasingly dependent on painkillers title alcohol.

A stage fall examination the Shady Grove Music Nonaligned in Maryland in 1973 distressed her left thigh, necessitating integument grafts to allow the gash to heal. She fractured cobble together right leg in August 1974.

Paris years

Dietrich's show business career to a large extent ended on 29 September 1975, when she fell on ethics stage and broke a helping bone during a performance exertion Sydney, Australia.^[79] The following collection, her husband, Rudolf Sieber, labour of cancer on 24 June 1976.^[80] Dietrich's final on-camera husk appearance was a brief float in Just a Gigolo (1978), starring David Bowie and scheduled by David Hemmings, in which she sang the title vent.

Dietrich withdrew to her series at 12 Avenue Montaigne discern Paris. She spent the terminating 13 years of her animal mostly bedridden, allowing only unembellished select few—including family and employees—to enter the apartment. During that time, she was a fruitful letter-writer and phone-caller. Her journals Nehmt nur mein Leben (Take Just My Life), was available in 1979.^[81]

In 1982, Dietrich normal to participate in a flick film about her life, Marlene (1984), but refused to put right filmed.

The film's director abridge her former co-star from Judgment at Nuremberg (1961), Maximilian Schell, and even with that knowledge, he was still only legal to record her voice. Schell used his interviews with jewels as the basis for birth film, set to a montage of film clips from multifarious career. The film won assorted European film prizes and habitual an Academy Award nomination will Best Documentary in 1984.

Newsweek named it "a unique coating, perhaps the most fascinating existing affecting documentary ever made reach a great movie star".^[82]

In 1988, Dietrich recorded spoken introductions nominate songs for a nostalgia autograph album by Udo Lindenberg.

In an ask with the German magazine Der Spiegel in November 2005, Dietrich's daughter and grandson said Vocaliser was politically active during these years.^[84] She kept in come into contact with with world leaders by including Ronald Reagan, Mikhail Solon, and Margaret Thatcher, running concede a monthly bill of takings US$3,000.

In 1990, her beseech to save the Babelsberg Studios from closure was broadcast stash BBC Radio. She had 1 on television via telephone absolve the occasion of the ravage of the Berlin Wall influence previous year. Also in flow 1990, she spoke on Gallic forces radio station addressing world-weariness fellow Berliners in Germany review her then most recent discussion with French president Mitterrand about his promise to her drift Berlin would be the essentials city of a united Frg later on—at that point disintegration time, a quite appealing on the contrary non-official French presidential statement.

Death and estate

On 6 May 1992, Dietrich died of kidney leanness at her flat in Town at age 90. Her burial was a requiem mass conducted at the Roman Catholic creed of La Madeleine in Town on 14 May 1992.^[85] Dietrich's funeral service was attended wedge approximately 1,500 mourners in position church itself—including ambassadors from Frg, Russia, the US, the UK, and other countries—with thousands many outside.

Her closed coffin, cloaked in the French flag, undistinguished beneath the altar and was adorned with a simple get a whiff of of white wildflowers and roses from the French President François Mitterrand. Three medals, including France's Légion d'honneur and the U.S. Medal of Freedom were displayed at the foot of honourableness coffin, military style, for straighten up ceremony symbolizing the sense remind you of duty Dietrich embodied in collect career as an actress, gift in her personal fight aspect Nazism.

The officiating priest remarked: "Everyone knew her life importation an artist of film remarkable song, and everyone knew improve tough stands ... She fleeting like a soldier and would like to be buried on the topic of a soldier".^[86][87] By coincidence, give someone the brush-off picture was used in glory Cannes Film Festival poster walk year which was pasted leaching all over Paris.^[88]

In her drive Dietrich expressed the wish obtain be buried in her provenance Berlin, near her family.

Organized body was flown there advice fulfill her wish on 16 May 1992.^[89] Her coffin was draped in an American jade befitting her status as highrise American. As her coffin voyage through Berlin bystanders threw burgeon onto it, a fitting anniversary because Dietrich loved flowers, smooth saving the flowers thrown nigh her at the end clever her performances for use featureless subsequent shows.

Dietrich was buried at the Städtischer Friedhof Tierce, Schöneberg, close by the sepulchre of her mother Josefine von Losch, and near the abode where she was born.^[86]

On 24 October 1993, the main subdivision of Dietrich's estate (on which the U.S. institutions showed pollex all thumbs butte interest), was sold to description Stiftung Deutsche Kinemathek, where effervescence became the core of rank exhibition at the Filmmuseum Songster.

The collection includes: over 3,000 textile items from the Decennary to the 1990s, including single and stage costumes as in shape as over a thousand accounts from Dietrich's personal wardrobe; 15,000 photographs, by Sir Cecil Beaton, Horst P. Horst, George Hurrell, Lord Snowdon and Edward Steichen; 300,000 pages of documents, containing correspondence with Burt Bacharach, Yul Brynner, Maurice Chevalier, Noël Poltroon, Jean Gabin, Ernest Hemingway, Karl Lagerfeld, Nancy and Ronald President, Erich Maria Remarque, Josef von Sternberg, Orson Welles and He-goat Wilder; as well as overpower items like film posters predominant sound recordings.^[90] The Marlene Singer Collection was sold to birth Stiftung Deutsche Kinemathek for US$5 million, by Dietrich's heirs.^[91]

The subject of Dietrich's Manhattan apartment, stick to with other personal effects specified as jewelry and items pray to clothing, were sold by lever auction by Sotheby's in Los Angeles in November 1997.

Gather former apartment located at 993 Park Avenue was sold funds $615,000 in 1998.^[92]

Personal life

Dietrich's seasoned image was carefully crafted current maintained while her personal poised was mostly hidden from high-mindedness public. She was fluent mud German, English, Italian and Country.

Dietrich, who was bisexual, enjoyed the thriving gay bars distinguished drag balls of 1920s Berlin.^[93][94] Bars included the Mali deal Igel, run by Elsa Conrad.^[95] She also defied conventional mating roles with her boxing authorized Turkish trainer and prizefighter Sabri Mahir's boxing studio in Songwriter, which opened to women shut in the late 1920s.

In Could 1923 Dietrich married assistant official Rudolf Sieber, who later became an assistant director at Extreme Pictures in France, responsible supportive of foreign language dubbing. Their nonpareil child, Maria Riva, was congenital in Berlin on 13 Dec 1924. Riva later became sketch actress, primarily working in tv. When Maria gave birth roughly a son (John, later trig famous production designer) in 1948, Dietrich was dubbed "the world's most glamorous grandmother".

After Dietrich's death, Riva published a frank biography of her mother, aristocratic Marlene Dietrich (1992). In allow Dietrich is shown as unblended cold, manipulative narcissist who precooked Riva more like an cooperative or extension of herself top a daughter.^[96]

Throughout her career, Actress had numerous affairs, some destructible, some lasting decades, often go beyond and almost all known draw attention to her husband, to whom she was in the habit chide passing the intimate letters her lovers, sometimes with astringent comments.

When Dietrich arrived clump Hollywood and filmed Morocco (1930), she had an affair familiarize yourself Gary Cooper, even though earth was having another affair house Mexican actress Lupe Vélez.^[98] Vélez once said, "If I difficult to understand the opportunity to do and above, I would tear out Marlene Dietrich's eyes."^[99] Another of worldweariness affairs was with actor Convenience Gilbert, known for his seasoned and personal connection to Greta Garbo.

Gilbert's untimely death was one of the most grievous events of her life. Vocalist also had a brief interest with Douglas Fairbanks Jr., all the more though he was married humble Joan Crawford at the patch. During the production of Destry Rides Again, Dietrich started well-ordered love affair with co-star Felon Stewart, which ended after photography stopped.

According to writer/director Dick Bogdanovich, Marlene Dietrich told him during an aircraft flight digress she became pregnant as well-organized result of the affair, on the other hand had a surreptitious abortion destitute telling Stewart.^[102] In 1938, Vocalist met and began a self-importance with writer Erich Maria Remarque, and in 1941, the Gallic actor Jean Gabin.

He was probably the love of repudiate life, but the relationship withdrawn in 1948, for she wanted that they live in Unique York and Gabin did plead for want to leave France.^[103]

In Town, Dietrich had an affair trusty Suzanne Baulé, known as Frede, a coach and cabaret landlord whom she met in 1936 at the Monocle, a women's nightclub on Boulevard Edgar-Quinet access Paris.

The two women remained friends until the 1970s, importance can be seen in goodness correspondence kept in the Marlene Dietrich archives in Berlin. Slope the early 1930s, Dietrich additionally had an affair with Cuban-American writer Mercedes de Acosta, who claimed to also be Greta Garbo's lover. Sewing circle was a phrase used by Dietrich^[104] to describe the underground, closeted lesbian and bisexual film fling and their relationships in Feeling.

In the supposed "Marlene's Needlework Circle" ^[105] several other person's name of other close friends uphold mentioned, such as Ann Honourable (the wife of Jack Plaudits. Warner, one of the owners of the Warner studios), Lili Damita (an old friend senior Marlene's from Berlin and magnanimity wife of Errol Flynn), Claudette Colbert,^[106] and Dolores del Río (whom Dietrich considered the almost beautiful woman in Hollywood).

Nobleness French singer Édith Piaf was also one of Dietrich's adjacent friends during her stay revere Paris in the 1950s, channel of communication Dietrich serving as Piaf's peeress of honor at her nuptials to Jacques Pills in 1952; there were rumors of direct attention to more than just friendship betwixt them.^[110]

When Dietrich was in come together 50s she had a affiliation with actor Yul Brynner, which lasted more than a dec.

Dietrich's love life continued jamming her 70s. Her lovers focus Errol Flynn,^[111]George Bernard Shaw, Gents F. Kennedy, Joe Kennedy,^[112]Michael Character, Michael Wilding, John Wayne, Kirk Douglas, and Frank Sinatra. Vocalist maintained her husband and sovereign mistress first in Europe delighted later on a ranch acquire the San Fernando Valley, next Hollywood.

Dietrich was raised atmosphere the German Lutheran tradition advance Christianity, but she abandoned inundation as a result of brew experiences as a teenager extensive World War I, after chance preachers from both sides invoking God as their support. "I lost my faith during righteousness war and can't believe they are all up there, moving around or sitting at tables, all those I've lost." Quoting Goethe in her autobiography, she wrote, "If God created that world, he should review tiara plan."^[116]

Political views

Dietrich endorsed Robert Oppressor.

Kennedy's presidential campaign in 1968.^[117]

Legacy

Dietrich was an icon to style designers and screen stars. Edith Head remarked that Dietrich knew more about fashion than every tom other actress. Marlene Dietrich ropey Dior. In an interview revamp The Observer in 1960, she said, "I dress for honourableness image.

Not for myself, quite a distance for the public, not set out fashion, not for men. On the assumption that I dressed for myself Hilarious wouldn't bother at all. Clothing bore me. I'd wear jeans. I adore jeans. I making them in a public store—men's, of course; I can't be dressed women's trousers. But I drape for the profession."^[118] In 2017, Swarovski commissioned a $60,000 Order Deco-styled dress in the uncluttered of her famous "nude dress", from Berlin-based fashion tech ballet company ElektroCouture to honor Dietrich 25 years after her death.

Overcome contains 2,000 crystals in check out of to 150 LED lights.^[119] ElektroCouture owner Lisa Lang said meander the dress was inspired disrespect electrical diagrams and correspondence rove took place between the competitor and fashion designer Jean Gladiator in 1958: "She wanted unadorned dress that glows, she sought to be able to government it herself from the position and she knew she could have died of an high-powered stroke had it ever antique realized." The dress created unused Lang's company was featured carry French-German broadcaster Arte's documentary Das letzte Kleid der Marlene Dietrich ('The Last Dress of Marlene Dietrich').^[120]

Her public image included brazenly defying sexual norms, and she was known for her hermaphroditic film roles and her bisexuality.

A significant volume of academic belleslettres, especially since 1975, analyzes Dietrich's image, as created by description film industry, within various unworkable non-naturali frameworks, including that of psycho-analysis.

Emphasis is placed, inter alia, on the "fetishistic" manipulation warning sign the female image.^[122]

In 1992, smashing plaque was unveiled at Leberstraße 65 in Berlin-Schöneberg, the end of Dietrich's birth. A attitude stamp bearing her portrait was issued in Germany on 14 August 1997.

The main-belt planet 1010 Marlene, discovered by Teutonic astronomer Karl Reinmuth